• Understand the concept of data and its significance in communication systems.
• Explore different data transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
• Identify the fundamental characteristics of data communication systems.
• Illustrate the block diagram of a digital communication system.
• Compare and contrast the advantages of digital transmission over analog transmission.
• Explain the statement of the Nyquist Sampling Theorem
• Apply Shannon's Channel Capacity Theorem to determine the maximum rate of error-free data transmission over a communication channel.
• Solve numerical problems to calculate channel capacity based on given parameters.
• Explain the concept of line coding and its role in digital data transmission.
• Discuss the characteristics and implementation of unipolar, polar, and bi-polar line coding schemes.

Unit I: Introduction to Data Communication [5 Hrs.]

1. Introduction to data communication
2. Data Transmission Modes (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
3. Fundamental Characteristics of Data Communication
4. Components of Data Communication System
5. Block Diagram of Digital Communication System
6. Introduction to Analog to Digital System
7. Advantages of digital transmission over Analog
8. Sampling Theorem/Nyquist Sampling Theorem
9. Numerical
10. Shannon Channel Capacity Theorem
11. Bit Rate Vs Baud Rate
12. Numerical
13. Line Coding (Unipolar, Polar and Bi-Polar)

• Define computer networks and explore their various uses and benefits in modern computing environments.
• Identify and describe different network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid.
• Classify computer networks based on their geographical scope
• Differentiate between client/server and peer-to-peer networking architectures, highlighting their respective characteristics and applications.
• Define Protocols and Standards
• Explain the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model and its seven layers, illustrating the functions of each layer in the network communication process and compare it with TCP/IP
• Identify and describe various networking hardware components including Network Interface Card (NIC), Hub, Repeater, Switch, Bridge, and Router, elucidating their functions and roles in network communication.
• Familiarize with basic networking commands used for network configuration

Unit 2: Introduction to Computer Networks [5 Hrs.]

1. Definitions, Uses, Benefits
2. Network Topologies and its types (Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Hybrid,…)
3. Types of Computer Networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN, CAN,…)
4. Networking Types (Client/Server, P2P)
5. Overview of Protocols and Standards
6. OSI Reference Model
7. TCP/IP Models and its Comparison with OSI
8. Networking Hardware: NIC, Hub, Repeater, Switch, Bridge, Router)
9. Basic Networking Commands

• Explore the duties and functions performed by the physical layer in transmitting data.
• Differentiate between guided and unguided transmission media.
• Compare and contrast Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet technologies, including their data transfer speeds and applications.
• Introduce IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) standards for wireless communication, including their specifications and applications.
• Identify and analyze common types of transmission impairments such as attenuation, distortion, and noise.
• Explain the concept of multiplexing and its importance in communication systems.
• Define different switching techniques including circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, and virtual circuit switching
• Define and quantify network performance metrics including bandwidth, throughput, latency, bandwidth-delay product, and jitter.

Unit 3: Physical Layer and its Design Issues [7 Hrs.]

1. Introduction, Design Issues and Duties of Physical Layer
2. Transmission Media: Guided (Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber),
3. Unguided (Radio Wave, Microwave, Infrared and Satellite)
4. Ethernet Cable Standards
5. Ethernet, Fast-Ethernet and Giga- Ethernet
6. IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and IEEE
7. 802.15.1(Bluetooth) Standards
8. Signals
9. Transmission Impairment: Attenuation, Distortion and Noise
10. Multiplexing: TDM, FDM and WDM
11. Switching: Circuit Switching, Message Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Switching
12. Network Performance: Bandwidth, Throughput, Latency, Bandwidth-Delay Product, Jitter

• Define the Data Link Layer and its role in providing reliable data transfer over the physical layer.
• Differentiate between Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) sublayers.
• Discuss different framing techniques, including character stuffing, bit stuffing, and frame check sequence.
• Explain flow control mechanisms such as Simple Stop and Wait ARQ, Sliding Window, Go-Back-N ARQ, and Selective Repeat ARQ.
• Describe error detection techniques, including Parity Check, Checksum, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), and Hamming Code.
• Discuss Random Access, ALOHA, Pure ALOHA, and Slotted ALOHA algorithms for channel allocation.
• Define VLAN and its role in logical segmentation of a LAN.

Unit 4: Data Link Layer [8 Hrs.]

1. Functions of Data Link Layer (DLL)
2. Overview of Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC)
3. Framing and its Types
4. Flow Control Mechanism: Simple Stop and Wait ARQ, Sliding Window, Go- Back-N ARQ, Selective Repeat ARQ,
5. Error Detection and Correction Techniques: Parity Check, Checksum, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and Hamming Code
6. Numerical
7. Channel Allocation Techniques (Multiple Access Techniques): Random Access, ALOHA, Pure ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA,
8. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA
9. 4.9  VLAN

• Understand the role and functionality of the network layer in communication protocols.
• Explore IPV4 addressing and its header structure, including the classification of IPV4 addresses into different classes.
• Study various IPV4 addressing schemes such as static, dynamic, and automatic configuration.
• Differentiate between private and public IP addresses and their significance in networking.
• Learn the concepts of subnetting, subnet masks, Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM), and Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM).
• Engage in numerical exercises to reinforce understanding of IPV4 addressing, subnetting, and related concepts.
• Explore the limitations and challenges associated with IPV4 addressing scheme.
• Introduce IPV6 addressing and its header structure as the next generation of internet protocol.
• Understand the strategies and challenges involved in transitioning from IPV4 to IPV6(Dual Stack, Tunneling and Header Translation)
• Study routing algorithms including adaptive and non-adaptive, as well as distance vector and link state routing.
• Explore popular routing protocols including Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
• Understand tools and protocols used for network troubleshooting such as Ping, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Network Address Translation (NAT)

Unit 5: Network Layer [10 Hrs.]

1. Network Layer and its Functions
2. IPV4 Address and its Headers, IPv4 Classes
3. Private IP vs Public IP
4. Subnetting, Subnet Mask, FLSM, VLSM
5. Case Study
6. Issues with IPv4
7. Overview of IPv6 and its header format
8. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
9. Routing: Adaptive and Non-Adaptive Routing, Distance Vector and Link State Routing
10. Famous Routing Protocols: RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP
11. Ping(Lab Related), ICMP and NATing

• Understand the role and functions of transport layer in the OSI Model
• Compare and contrast TCP and UDP.
• Understand SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) and Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).
• Differentiate between connection oriented and connectionless services provided by the transport layer
• Explain the concept of port addressing and its significance and its significance in network communication.
• Understand the concept of ports and Sockets.
• Define congestion control and its importance in network performance.
• Compare open loop and closed loop congestion control algorithms
• Introduce traffic shaping algorithms such as Leaky Bucket and Token Bucket
• Describe queuing techniques used in scheduling data transmission.

Unit 6: Transport Layer [5 Hrs.]

1. Introduction, Functions and Services
2. Transport Layer Protocols: TCP, UDP, SCTP, RTP and Their Comparisons, TCP/UDP Segment Structure
3. Connection Oriented vs Connection less Services
4. Port Addressing Overview
5. Introduction to Ports and Sockets, Socket Programming
6. Congestion Control: Open Loop and Closed Loop Congestion Control
7. Traffic Shaping Algorithms: Leaky Bucket and Token Bucket
8. Queuing Techniques for Scheduling

• Define the concept and functions of application layers in network architecture.
• Explain the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and its significance in web communication.
• Discuss the secure variant, HTTPS, and its role in ensuring secure data transmission over the web.
• Define the Domain Name System (DNS) and its importance in translating domain names to IP addresses.
• Explore the working principle of DNS, including the hierarchical structure of domain names and the resolution process.
• Introduce email protocols, including Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), and Post Office Protocol (POP3).
• Compare and contrast FTP and SFTP in terms of security, authentication, and data transfer mechanisms.
• Understand the working principle of DHCP, including the DHCP discovery, offer, request, and acknowledgment process.

Unit 7: Application Layers [4 Hrs.]

1. Introduction and Functions
2. Web and HTTP/HTTPs
3. DNS and its Working Principle, DNS Query
4. Email Protocols: SMTP, IMAP, POP3
5. File Transfer Protocols: FTP, SFTP
6. DHCP and its working Principle

• Explore the objectives of network management, including monitoring, configuration, troubleshooting, and optimization of network resources.
• Introduce the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and its role in network management.
• Explain the data security, its importance and types
• Define network security and its importance in protecting data, systems, and network infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, and attacks.
• Introduce countermeasures and best practices to mitigate network security risks and prevent network attacks.
• Define symmetric key cryptography and asymmetric key cryptography and explain their respective principles of operation.
• Explain the concepts of tunneling and encryption in VPNs and their importance in securing remote connections.

Unit 8: Network Management and Network Security [4 Hrs.]

1. Introduction to Network Management
2. SNMP Protocol
3. Data security, its types, key risks in data security
4. Network Security: Introduction, Types of Network Attacks, Countermeasures to prevent network attacks
5. Cryptography: Symmetric Key and Asymmetric key Cryptography
6. VPN, Firewalls and Proxy